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HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX IN INDIA


HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX IN INDIA 

  • Both growth and development refer to changes over a period of time. 
GROWTH
  • Quantitative and value neutral change. 
  • Positive or a negative sign. 
DEVELOPMENT
  • Qualitative change which is always value positive. 
  • Devlopment occurs when postive growth take place.  
  • for  example :- if the population of a city grows from one lakh to two lakhs over a period of time , we say the city has grown. 
  • however if facilities like housing , provision of basic services and other characteristics remain the same , then this growth has not been accompanied by development. 

  • The quality of life people enjoy in a country the opportunities thay have and freedoms they enjoy , are important aspects of development. 
  • The concept of human development was introduced by Mr. Mahbub-ul-haq. 
Mr.Mahbub-ul-haq

  • Dr.Haq has described human development as development that enlarges people's choices and improves their lives. 
  • Access to resources , health and education are the key areas in human development. 
     
   FOUR PILLARS OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

  • Just buliding is supported by pillars , the idea of human development is supported by the concepts of equity , sustainability , productivity and empowerment
Equity :- refers to making equal access to opportunities available to everybody.  
Sustainability :- means continuity in the availability of opportunities
Productivity :- here means human labour productivity or productivity in term of hi human work. 
Empowerment :- means to have the power to make choices. 
                                WHAT IS HDI ?

It is a tool used to measure a country's overall achievement in its social and economic dimensions. 

Definition :- The human development index (HDI) is a life expectancy , education , and per capita income indicators , which is used to rank countries into four tiers of human development. 
  • The human development index is a measure of economic development and economic welfare. 
                              ORIGIN OF HDI


  • Devised and launched by Pakistani economist Mahbub-ul-haq in 1990. 
  • Amartyasen and Mahbub-ul-haq worked upon the capabilities and functioning which provided conceptual frame work. 
  • Published by United Nations developments programme (UNDP). 
  • Thuman development index examines three important criteria of economic development. 
  1. Life expectancy
  2. Education
  3. Income levels 
  • Create an overall score between 0 and 1. 
  • 1 Indicates a high level of economic development.              0 a very low level
                MEASURING HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
The human development index (HDI) rank the countries based on their performance in the key areas of health , education and access to resources. 

  1. Health :-
  • The indicator chosen to assess health is the life expectancy at birth. 
  • A higher life expectancy means that people have a greater chance of living longer and healthier lives.  
       2. Education :- 
  • The adult literacy rate and the gross enrolment ratio represent access to knowledge. 
  • The number of adults who are able to read and write and the number of children enrolled in school shows how easy or difficult it is to access knowledge in a particular country. 
    3. Access to resources is measured in term of purchasing power (in U. S Dollars)
Year 2019

  • Comes under medium human development countries. 
Know all countries rank click the link- http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/2019-human-development-index-ranking

Indicators



Know more click here - http://hdr.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/IND

         HDI PROGRAMME IN INDIA
  • Unique in it's kind. 
  • Preparation of not only national report , but also sub - national human development reports (HDR). 
  • Decentralized and integrated the human development concept into its development agenda at national , State , as well as district level. 
  • More HDRs have been produced in india than the total number of global HDRs. 
  • Plan is made by the planning commission-United Nations development programme (UNDP) partnership through the preparation of State Human Development Report (SHDR) and District Human Development Report (DHDR). 
  • Human development programme started in 8th five year plan (1992-1997). 
  • First State - Madhya Pradesh. 
  • The world's first State HDR was published in Madhya Pradesh in 1995. 
  • Computation of the state's HDI as well as HDI for all the districts in the state made by state government. 
  • So far 21  state have prepared HDRs. 
  • State governments have initiated the work on district HDRs for 80 districts of which 23 HDRs have been released till date. 
  • 2009 - The first city HDR (Mumbai) was launched. 



         
                   IMPORTANCE OF HDI


  • The HDI given an overall index of economic development. 
  • It does give a rough ability to make comparisons on issues of economic welfare - much more than just using GDP statistics show. 
  • It gives idea regarding areas of development which requires improvement. 
  • Statistics gives better decision making for areas having wide disparity. 
  • More focus on socil & human development rather than only capital accumulation and growth. 
                Limitations of HDI

  • Wide divergence with countries. 
  • For example - countries like china and Kenya have widely different. HDI scores depending on the region in question. (e.g :- North China poorer than South East)
  • Economic welfare depends on several other factors , such as - threat of war , levels of pollution , access to clean drinking water etc. 
  • GNI does not show how the income is spent by the government some countries spend more on military than on health care. 
  • When knowledge is measured it only takes into account what children learn at school notin the family. And so may be distorted if family play more of a role in education in the home.  
  • Longevity can also be distorted as the life expectancy of a person does not consider how healthy the life was led. 
  • Life expectancy value for a country is the given is an average of the total population. There are many communities in the country that will not all have access to good health care services and so there will be variations of life expectancy values. 

This simply means meterial progress cannot come at the cost of happiness. GNH encourages us to think of the spiritual , non - material and qualitative aspects of development. 
                 WHY INDIA IS LAGGING IN HDI ??
  • Large number of population in india lives in slums that is around 158.4 millions. 
  • 42 % children below 5 years age are under weight and 59 % stunted. 
  • Low spending on education by the government. 
  • Lack of schemes for urban poor like NRHM etc. 
  • India treats its environment poorly. Ranks 125 out of 132 countries in a study done by Yala University. 
                             CONCLUSION
  • The HDI gives an overall index of economic development. 
  • There are certain differences among different states development conditions so there must be equal opportunities for development for all. 
  • Some important issues are missing in HDI such as infrastructure and some economic factors. 
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Location: Delhi, India

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